Strip foundations
Trench fill or traditional strip on firm ground at 1.0-1.5m depth. The cheapest option at £12,000 to £18,000 for a typical 200 sqm replacement. NHBC Chapter 4.2 sets the standard; LABC adopts the same. Works for most suburban plots away from mature trees.
Raft foundations
Reinforced slab spreading load across the whole footprint at £18,000 to £28,000. Forced by soft clay, made ground, or where deeper strip would conflict with services. Slightly faster on programme than strip; uses more concrete and rebar.
Piled foundations + ring beam
Mini-piles (typically CFA or driven) at 6-12m depth, capped with a ring beam, £25,000 to £40,000+ on a standard 200 sqm replacement. Forced by deep peat, heave-prone London Clay near oaks or willows, Tree Preservation Orders, or shallow Made Ground. The site investigation will tell you within a working day whether piling is on the table.
Ground investigation up front
Boreholes plus trial pits plus a chemical analysis: £1,200 to £3,000. Worth every penny before architect Stage 3. A foundation surprise discovered at week 8 of construction costs more in delay than the entire ground investigation budget.